Glossary | Logistics Encyclopedia

Terms and Definitions in Freight Transportation

This glossary contains the key terms and definitions used in transport logistics and foreign trade activity.

It is designed to make the professional terminology used when arranging shipments, preparing documents and communicating between participants in the logistics process easier to understand.

Air Transportation

Actual Time of Arrival - the actual time a flight arrives at the airport of destination.
Actual Time of Departure - the actual time a flight departs.
Air Freight Forwarder - a company that arranges an international air shipment on behalf of the client.
Airline Code (IATA airline code) - a two-character code of an air carrier in the international system.
Airline Prefix - a three-digit numeric code used in the air waybill number.
Allotment (guaranteed capacity quota) - a pre-agreed volume of cargo space on a flight.
Back-to-Back Consolidation - issuing a separate air waybill for each consignment within a single consolidation.
Block Space Agreement - an agreement securing a specific volume of cargo capacity on flights.
Break Bulk Agent - an agent at the destination airport who splits consolidated cargo.
Cargo Booking - reserving space on a flight for a shipment.
Cargo Cut-off - the latest time cargo can be tendered to the terminal before a flight.
Chargeable Weight - the weight used to calculate the rate (actual or volumetric, whichever is greater).
Consolidator - a company combining several consignments into a single air shipment.
Dangerous Goods Regulations (IATA dangerous goods rules) - international requirements for the carriage of dangerous goods by air.
Direct AWB - an air waybill issued without forwarder consolidation.
Embargo - a temporary airline ban on carriage of certain cargo or routes.
Estimated Time of Arrival - the scheduled arrival time of a flight.
Estimated Time of Departure - the scheduled departure time of a flight.
Flight Cancellation - cancellation of a scheduled flight by the airline.
Flight Delay - a deviation from the scheduled departure or arrival time.
Freight Collect - terms under which transportation charges are paid at the destination airport.
Freight Prepaid - terms under which transportation is paid by the shipper.
Handling Agent - a company providing cargo handling at the airport.
House Air Waybill - a document issued by the forwarder for a specific consignment.
Master Air Waybill - a document issued by the airline for a consolidated shipment.
No-Show - a situation where booked cargo was not tendered for shipment.
Overpack - outer packaging used to combine several pieces of cargo.
Palletized Cargo - cargo placed on an aircraft pallet.
Security Status - a mark confirming that mandatory screening has been completed.
Shipment - a separate consignment of cargo covered by a single transport document.
Slot Confirmation - confirmation of an allocated time slot or space on a flight.
Volume Rate - a special rate for bulky shipments.
War Risk Surcharge - an additional charge for carriage to high-risk zones.
Air Waybill - the primary document in air transportation confirming conclusion of the carriage contract and containing information about the cargo, shipper and consignee.
Air Cargo - cargo carried by air transport on a commercial basis.
Airline - a carrier performing passenger and cargo air transportation under a license.
Aviation Security - a set of measures to protect civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference.
Ground Handling Agent - an organization performing cargo handling and aircraft servicing at the airport.
General Declaration of Irregularity - a document recording violations, damage or shortage of cargo during carriage.
Aerodrome - an area of land or water equipped for the take-off, landing and parking of aircraft.
Airport - a complex of facilities intended for receiving and dispatching aircraft and processing passengers and cargo.
Aircraft Cargo Compartment - the part of an aircraft intended for carrying cargo.
Inbound Cargo - cargo delivered to the territory of the Russian Federation by air.
Air Transportation - movement of cargo by aircraft under a carriage contract.
Aircraft - a flying vehicle registered in accordance with the established procedure and used for transportation.
Air Code of the Russian Federation - the principal regulatory act governing civil aviation activities in the Russian Federation.
General Declaration of the Aircraft - a document submitted to controlling authorities for international flights.
Cargo under Customs Control - cargo located in a customs control zone until clearance is completed.
Airport Cargo Terminal - a specialized building for handling air cargo.
Shipper (Consignor) - a person or organization tendering cargo for air carriage.
Consignee - a person or organization receiving cargo at the destination airport.
Cargo (Customs) Declaration - a document submitted to customs authorities when importing or exporting air cargo.
Cargo Screening - mandatory inspection of cargo by aviation security services.
Customs Control Zone - an airport area where cargo remains until clearance is completed.
Import Air Cargo - cargo brought into the Russian Federation by air transport.
Inspection Screening - additional inspection of cargo ordered by controlling authorities.
Commercial Report (Cargo Irregularity Report) - a document recording damage or loss of cargo.
Air Carrier License - a permit to perform commercial air transportation.
International Flight - a flight crossing the state border of the Russian Federation.
Ground Handling - a set of operations for servicing aircraft and cargo at the airport.
Oversized Air Cargo - cargo exceeding standard dimensions for placement on board an aircraft.
Dangerous Goods - substances and materials whose carriage is governed by special aviation regulations.
Air Traffic Management - a system for managing flights and coordinating aircraft.
Carrier - an airline carrying cargo under a contract.
Apron - an airport area for parking and servicing aircraft.
Loading and Unloading Operations - operations for placing cargo into or removing it from an aircraft.
Obtaining Departure Clearance - the procedure for coordinating a flight before departure.
Pre-flight Cargo Screening - inspection of cargo before it is loaded on board.
Rosaviatsia (Federal Air Transport Agency) - the federal executive authority regulating civil aviation activities in the Russian Federation.
Sanitary and Quarantine Control - inspection of cargo during international carriage.
Temporary Storage Warehouse (TSW) - a facility where cargo is stored under customs control.
Special Cargo - cargo requiring special carriage conditions (live animals, pharmaceuticals, etc.).
Express Air Shipment - carriage of cargo within shortened time frames.
Air Freight Rate - the established cost of carriage per unit of weight or volume.
Fuel Surcharge - an additional charge to the rate related to changes in fuel costs.
Transit Air Cargo - cargo moving through an airport of the Russian Federation without release into free circulation.
Transport Waybill - a document accompanying cargo during domestic carriage.
Arrival Notification - a notice to the consignee that cargo has arrived at the destination airport.
Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) - regulatory acts governing air carriage procedures in the Russian Federation.
Export Air Cargo - cargo taken out of the Russian Federation by air transport.

Road Transportation

CMR - the international consignment note used in road transportation under the CMR Convention.
FTL (Full Truck Load) - a shipment in which the vehicle is fully loaded with cargo from a single shipper.
GPS Vehicle Monitoring - a system for tracking the location of a vehicle in real time.
LTL (Less than Truck Load) - transportation of consolidated cargo by road, combining consignments from several shippers.
TIR - the system of international road carriage under customs seals.
Road Transportation - movement of cargo by road transport on domestic and international routes.
Weight and Dimension Control - verification that the vehicle's weight and dimensions comply with established standards.
Return of Cargo to the Shipper - return carriage of goods when they cannot be delivered to the consignee.
Dimension Control - verification that the dimensions of the vehicle comply with established standards.
City Delivery - transportation of cargo within a single populated area.
Dispatch Controller - a specialist coordinating the work of drivers and vehicles.
Cargo Carriage Contract - an agreement between the customer and the carrier governing the terms of transportation.
Freight Forwarding Contract - a contract for arranging carriage with coordination of all stages of delivery.
ADR - the international agreement on the carriage of dangerous goods by road.
Permissible Axle Load - the load limit per axle of a vehicle established by law.
Cargo Re-forwarding - dispatch of the missing part of a consignment by a separate trip.
Work Order - a document specifying the route, cargo characteristics and carriage terms.
Insulated Van - a body with thermal insulation but without active cooling.
Cabotage - domestic carriage within a single country by a foreign carrier (restricted in a number of countries).
TIR Carnet - the TIR document used in international carriage of goods by road.
Container Chassis Truck - road transport for carrying sea or rail containers.
Contract Logistics - long-term servicing of a customer on fixed terms.
Carrier License - a permit to perform commercial road transportation (in cases specified by law).
Line-haul Transportation - delivery of cargo over long distances between regions.
Route Sheet - a document specifying loading and unloading points.
Interurban Transportation - carriage of cargo between cities within a country.
International Road Carriage - carriage of cargo by road across a state border.
Minimum Trip Rate - the minimum cost of performing a carriage regardless of distance.
Lowboy Trailer - a specialized semi-trailer for carrying oversized and heavy equipment.
Standard Delivery Time - the established transit time for a route under a contract or legislation.
Vehicle Turnaround - an indicator of how efficiently a vehicle is used over time.
Backhaul Load - finding cargo for the return trip in order to optimize costs.
Refusal of Cargo - a situation in which the consignee declines to accept the delivered goods.
Loading Queue - waiting time of a vehicle at a warehouse or terminal.
Vehicle Overload - exceeding the permissible gross weight or axle load.
Leg of the Journey - the distance between loading and unloading points.
Sealing of the Cargo Body - application of a seal to prevent tampering with the cargo in transit.
Placement for Loading - arrival of the vehicle at the loading point.
Semi-trailer - a trailer without a front axle, coupled to a tractor unit.
Vehicle Downtime - time a vehicle is held beyond the agreed loading or unloading period.
Trip Waybill - a document confirming that the vehicle has been dispatched on a route and containing information about the route and the driver.
International Carriage Permit - a document required to perform international road transportation.
Oversize Carriage Permit - an official document allowing the carriage of oversized or heavyweight cargo.
Refrigerated Truck - a truck or semi-trailer with a refrigeration unit for carrying perishable goods.
Dump Truck - a truck with a body for carrying bulk cargo.
Cargo Escort - ensuring carriage security with the involvement of guards.
Special Heavy Load Permit - a document allowing the carriage of cargo exceeding standard parameters.
Spot Transportation - one-off carriage without a long-term contract.
Carrier Liability Insurance - insurance of risks related to loss of or damage to cargo.
Time Slot - pre-booked time for entering and working at a warehouse.
Rate per Kilometer - calculation of the carriage cost based on the distance traveled.
Temperature Logger - a device for recording the temperature regime during carriage.
Tilt Semi-trailer (Tarpaulin) - a semi-trailer with a flexible cover protecting the cargo from external exposure.
Tractor Unit - a truck designed to tow a semi-trailer.
Empty Run - movement of a vehicle without cargo.
Forwarder's Receipt - a document confirming the forwarder's acceptance of cargo.

Types of Transportation

Air Transportation - carriage of cargo by air using passenger or cargo flights.
Road Transportation - delivery of cargo by road on domestic and international routes.
Door-to-Door Delivery - a logistics scheme in which cargo is delivered from the shipper's warehouse directly to the consignee's warehouse.
Rail Transportation - delivery of cargo by rail using freight trains and container trains.
Intermodal Transportation - carriage of cargo by several modes of transport under a single transport document without transshipping the cargo itself.
Combined Transportation - a delivery scheme using different modes of transport with transshipment of cargo en route.
Container Transportation - delivery of cargo in standard containers with the option of using several modes of transport.
Sea Transportation - carriage of cargo by sea using container ships, bulk carriers, tankers and other types of vessels.
Multimodal Transportation - carriage of cargo using several modes of transport under a single carriage contract.
Oversized Transportation - delivery of cargo exceeding standard dimensions or weight restrictions.
Dangerous Goods Transportation (ADR / IMO / IATA) - carriage of cargo requiring compliance with special safety regulations.
Project Cargo Transportation - carriage of oversized or heavyweight cargo under a individually designed logistics scheme.
Scheduled Transportation - delivery on a fixed schedule.
Inland Waterway Transportation - carriage of cargo on inland waterways (rivers and canals).
Consolidated (LCL) Transportation - delivery of small consignments from different shippers within a single consolidated shipment.
Standard Delivery - carriage of cargo within normal time frames without priority handling.
Charter Transportation - carriage with a vehicle chartered in full for a specific cargo.
Express Delivery - an expedited cargo carriage service with guaranteed delivery times.

Foreign Trade and International Commerce

Supplier Due Diligence - verification of a counterparty before concluding a transaction.
ADR - the agreement on the carriage of dangerous goods by road.
Import / Export - the bringing in or taking out of goods within the framework of foreign trade activity.
Incoterms - international rules for the allocation of costs and risks.
Commercial Invoice - an invoice for goods used in customs clearance.
Foreign Trade Contract - a foreign trade agreement between a seller and a buyer.
Certificate of Origin - a document confirming the country where the goods were produced.
Contract Specification - a document containing a list of goods with quantities and values.
Trade Term - a specific delivery term under Incoterms (FOB, CIF, etc.).

State Control

Bonded Warehouse - a customs warehouse where duties are not paid until release.
Compliance Check - verification that cargo complies with legislative requirements.
Customs Hold - detention of cargo by customs authorities.
Post Clearance Audit - an audit performed after the release of goods.
Veterinary Control - inspection of products of animal origin.
Single Window - an electronic system for submitting documents to controlling authorities.
Quarantine Phytosanitary Control - inspection of products of plant origin.
Import / Export Licensing - the mandatory obtaining of a permit to bring in or take out certain goods.
"Chestny Znak" Marking - the system of mandatory digital labeling of goods in the Russian Federation.
Non-Tariff Regulation - government measures for controlling imports and exports without duties.
Permit Documentation - licenses, certificates and other mandatory documents.
Customs Risks - the probability of additional inspections and adjustments.

Cargo Classification

ADR Cargo - dangerous goods subject to ADR requirements in road carriage.
Break Bulk - carriage of bulk or piece cargo without containers.
IMO Class - the international classification of dangerous goods by degree of risk in sea carriage.
Project Cargo - oversized or heavyweight cargo requiring an individual logistics scheme.
Excisable Cargo - goods subject to an additional tax on import or sale.
Dimensionally Compliant Cargo - cargo whose dimensions and weight comply with standard carriage regulations.
General Cargo - piece cargo carried as individual packages without the use of a container.
High-Value Cargo - goods of high value requiring enhanced security measures and insurance.
Delicate Cargo - goods sensitive to vibration, shock or temperature fluctuations.
Live Cargo - carriage of animals requiring special keeping conditions and veterinary control.
Import Cargo - goods brought into the territory of a country.
Cargo - the international designation for freight in transport and logistics practice.
Oversized Cargo - cargo exceeding standard dimensions in length, width or height.
Lightweight Cargo - cargo of low weight with a significant volume, affecting the calculation of the volumetric rate.
Bulk Cargo - loose cargo carried without packaging (ore, grain, coal, etc.).
Liquid Cargo - liquid cargo carried in tanks or tankers.
Out-of-Gauge Cargo - cargo whose dimensions exceed the permissible parameters of standard transport.
Cargo Requiring Careful Handling - cargo requiring careful loading and unloading without the use of rough equipment.
Volumetric Cargo - cargo occupying a large volume with a relatively low weight.
Oversize Cargo - cargo exceeding standard dimensions or weight and requiring special carriage conditions.
Dangerous Goods - substances and materials whose carriage requires compliance with special safety rules.
Sealed Cargo - cargo carried under a seal without opening until the point of destination.
Unitized Cargo - cargo combined into transport units to facilitate handling operations.
Palletized Cargo - cargo placed on pallets for ease of handling and carriage.
Lot Cargo - goods carried as a separate lot under a single contract or document.
Controlled-Conditions Cargo - cargo requiring compliance with a temperature, humidity or sanitary regime.
Consolidated Cargo - several small consignments from different shippers combined into a single shipment.
Extra-Long Cargo - cargo of considerable length exceeding standard vehicle parameters.
Super-Heavy Cargo - cargo with a weight significantly exceeding standard limits and requiring special transport.
Perishable Cargo - goods requiring a temperature regime and a limited delivery time.
Packaged Piece Cargo - cargo in packaging (crates, boxes, bags, etc.) carried as individual packages.
Transit Cargo - cargo moving through the territory of a country without release into free circulation.
Cargo Subject to Certification - goods for whose import or carriage permits are required.
Heavyweight Cargo - cargo with a weight exceeding the permissible limits for standard carriage.
Valuable Cargo - goods subject to mandatory insurance and enhanced security.
Export Cargo - goods intended for removal beyond the borders of the country.

Container Transportation

20' Container - a standard container 20 feet long used in international transportation.
40' Container - a container 40 feet long with increased capacity.
As Is Container - a container transferred without any warranty as to its technical condition.
Bulk Container - a container intended for the carriage of bulk and loose materials.
Cargo Worthy - a container recognized as technically sound and safe for cargo transportation.
COC - Carrier Owned Container - a container owned by the line or the carriage operator.
Container Allocation - distribution of containers among routes or customers.
Container Insurance - insurance of the container as equipment, separate from the cargo.
Container Lease - leasing of a container from a specialized company.
Container Number - the unique identification code of a container.
Container Release Order - a document allowing a container to be picked up at a terminal or warehouse.
Container Seal Number - the number of the applied seal, recorded in the documents.
Controlled Atmosphere - a technology for maintaining a specified air composition inside the container.
Corner Castings - structural elements of a container used for securing and stacking.
CSC Plate - a plate containing data on the container's certification in accordance with international requirements.
Depot - a specialized facility for storing and servicing empty containers.
Door Opening Dimensions - the dimensions of the container doorway used for loading and unloading.
Double Stack - transportation of containers in two tiers on a rail platform.
Drop-off Charge - a fee for returning the container to a different depot.
Empty Return - return of the empty container to its owner or carrier.
Flat Rack - a container without side walls and a roof, used for heavyweight or non-standard cargo.
General Average - the principle of sharing losses among the participants in a carriage in an emergency.
Gooseneck Tunnel - a special recess in the container floor for mounting on a specific type of chassis.
Gross Weight - the total weight of the container together with the cargo.
HC - High Cube - a container of increased height compared with the standard one.
High Security Seal - a seal compliant with international security standards.
IICL Standard - the international standard for assessing the technical condition of containers.
Imbalance - a shortage or surplus of containers in a particular region.
Intermodal Container - a container for carriage by different modes of transport without transshipping the cargo.
Internal Dimensions - the dimensions of the container's interior space.
ISO Container - a container compliant with international standards for dimensions and construction.
LCL - Less than Container Load - carriage of a consignment occupying part of a container.
Max Gross Weight - the maximum permissible total weight of the container with cargo.
Off-Hire Inspection - an inspection of the container's condition when it is returned to the owner.
On-Hire Inspection - an inspection of the container's condition before use begins.
Open Top - a container without a rigid roof, used for carrying oversized cargo.
Payload - the maximum permissible weight of cargo inside the container.
Per Diem - a daily fee for the use of a container.
Plug-in Service - connection of a refrigerated container to a power source.
Pre-trip Inspection - PTI - a technical inspection of a refrigerated container before loading.
Repositioning - movement of empty containers between regions.
Sealing - application of a seal after loading is completed.
Set Point - the specified temperature regime in a refrigerated container.
SOC - Shipper Owned Container - a container owned by the shipper.
Stacking Weight - the maximum permissible load when containers are placed on top of each other.
Stripping - the process of removing cargo from a container.
Stuffing - the process of placing cargo inside a container.
Survey - an inspection of the technical condition of a container.
Swap Body - a removable body for road transportation that does not comply with the ISO standard.
Tamper Evidence - indicators of unauthorized access to a container.
Tank Container - a specialized container for carrying liquids and gases.
Tare Weight - the weight of the empty container itself.
TEU - Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit - a conventional unit for measuring container capacity.
Twist Lock - a locking mechanism for securing a container on a platform or chassis.
Ventilation Setting - the air supply setting in a refrigerated container.
VGM - Verified Gross Mass - the officially verified weight of a container before loading.
Wind and Water Tight - WWT - a container protected against the penetration of moisture and wind.
Commercial Inspection Report - a document on the condition of a container at acceptance or release.
General Declaration of Irregularity (GDI) - a document recording damage to a container or a broken seal.
In-Port Forwarding - arranging the movement of a container within the port infrastructure.
Domestic Container Carriage - delivery of a container between points within the territory of the Russian Federation.
Container - standardized reusable packaging for carrying cargo by various modes of transport.
Container under Customs Control - a container held at a terminal until customs clearance is completed.
Containerization of Cargo - converting piece or bulk cargo into the container format of carriage.
Container Shipment - a form of rail carriage in which the cargo is carried in a container.
Container Shipment by Through Train - carriage of containers without re-marshalling of the train along the route.
Container Yard (CY) - an area at a station or terminal for storing and handling containers.
Public Container Yard - a terminal available for serving various shippers and operators.
Container Train - a train formed predominantly of container platforms.
RZD Container Service - a regular container train route with a fixed schedule.
Container Terminal (CT) - a specialized facility for handling containers at a railway or port.
Station Container Throughput - the total volume of containers handled at a railway station over a period.
Shunting Operations - operations for moving container platforms at a station or terminal.
Container Turnaround - the period of container use from release to return.
Responsible Storage of a Container - placement of a container at a terminal with responsibility for its safety.
Container Transshipment - reloading of a container between modes of transport within the territory of the Russian Federation.
Container Placement and Removal - placement of containers for loading and their subsequent removal from the terminal.
Full Container Load (FCL) - carriage of a container by one shipper without combining it with other customers' cargo.
Container Downtime - the time a container remains idle beyond the established period.
Container Demurrage Caused by the Consignee - exceeding the standard period of container use after arrival.
Container Deconsolidation - opening and partial unloading of a container with the permission of controlling authorities.
Refrigerated Container (Reefer) - a container with temperature control.
Container Destination Station - the railway station to which a container shipment is consigned.
Dry Port - an inland logistics terminal performing the functions of a seaport for containers.
Standard Container Turnaround Time - the standard period of container use at a station or terminal.
Technological Time Window - an agreed period of time for performing container operations at a station or terminal.
Backland Terminal - a container terminal located outside the port and connected to it by rail infrastructure.
Universal Platform (UP) - a rail platform for carrying containers of various types.
Accelerated Container Train - a regular rail service with a fixed schedule and reduced delivery time.
Spine Platform - a specialized rail platform with fittings for securing containers.

Sea Logistics

Allotment - container space reserved in advance with a shipping line for a customer or forwarder.
Arrival Notice Fee - a fee for preparing the cargo arrival notice.
Ballast Water - water used by a vessel to maintain stability when sailing without cargo.
Bill of Lading Number (B/L No.) - the unique number of a bill of lading used to identify a shipment and track the cargo.
Blank Sailing - cancellation of a scheduled vessel voyage by decision of the shipping line.
Cargo Cut-off - the latest time cargo can be delivered to the terminal for a specific vessel.
Container Freight Station (CFS) - a warehouse in the port for handling consolidated cargo (consolidation and deconsolidation).
Container Yard (CY) - an area in the port for storing containers before loading or after unloading.
Dangerous Goods Declaration (DGD) - a dangerous goods declaration for sea carriage.
Deadweight (DWT) - the maximum carrying capacity of a vessel, including cargo, fuel and stores.
Documentation Cut-off - the deadline for submitting shipping documents before the vessel departs.
Draft - the depth to which a vessel is submerged in the water at a given load.
Feeder Service - a feeder service for delivering containers between major ports and regional terminals.
Laytime - the agreed time for loading and unloading a vessel without penalty charges.
Mother Vessel - the line-haul vessel performing the main international voyage.
No-Show Fee - a penalty for non-use of a booked slot on a vessel.
NVOCC (Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier) - a sea carriage operator that does not own vessels but arranges delivery and issues its own bills of lading.
Original B/L - the original bill of lading required to obtain the cargo at the destination port.
Port Congestion - overcrowding of a port affecting the time frames for handling and dispatching cargo.
Port of Discharge (POD) - the port where the cargo is unloaded.
Port of Final Destination (PFD) - the final port of destination of the cargo, if it differs from the POD.
Port of Loading (POL) - the port of departure of the cargo.
Roll-over - moving a container to the next sailing due to lack of space or overbooking.
Slot - a place on a vessel for one container.
Stevedoring - vessel loading and unloading services in the port.
Switch B/L - a reissued bill of lading with changed shipper or consignee details.
Telex Release - an electronic authorization to release cargo without presentation of the original bill of lading.
Terminal Handling Charge (THC) - a charge for handling a container at the port.
Transshipment - reloading of a container at an intermediate port onto another vessel.
Vessel Delay - a vessel delay for technical, weather or operational reasons.
Vessel Schedule - the schedule of vessel movements on a route indicating ports of call and dates.
Port Waters - the water area assigned to a port for the entry and anchorage of vessels.
Bunkering - the process of fueling a vessel before departure on a voyage.
Water Transport - vessels used for carrying cargo by sea, rivers and canals.
Line General Agent - the official representative of a shipping line in the territory of the Russian Federation.
General Cargo - cargo carried without containers as individual packages.
Cargo Manifest - a list of all cargo on board a means of transport.
Cabotage - carriage of cargo between ports of the same country; restricted for foreign vessels in a number of states.
Harbor Master - an official responsible for navigation safety and compliance control within the port waters.
Bill of Lading (B/L) - a sea carriage document confirming the carrier's acceptance of the cargo and the right to dispose of it.
Bill of Lading Lot - a consignment of cargo covered by a single bill of lading.
Container Terminal - a specialized area of a port for handling containerized cargo.
Ship Dues - a port charge for a vessel's entry into the port waters.
Icebreaker Escort - escorting a vessel by an icebreaker in ice conditions.
Vessel Ice Class - a vessel characteristic determining its ability to operate in ice conditions.
Pilotage - mandatory escorting of a vessel by a pilot when entering or leaving a port.
Sea Cargo Declaration - a document submitted by the vessel's master when entering a port, containing information about the goods carried.
Marine Terminal - a specialized complex in a port for handling a specific type of cargo (container, coal, oil, etc.).
Seaport (Commercial Seaport) - a specialized port for the commercial handling of export and import cargo.
Navigation Season - the established operating season for ports and navigation (relevant for northern and far-eastern regions).
Border Control in the Port - inspection of the vessel and documents when crossing the state border.
Port - an equipped area for receiving, handling, loading and unloading vessels and cargo.
Port Schedule (Vessel Handling Plan) - a plan for berthing vessels and performing cargo operations.
Port Dues - mandatory payments charged for the use of port infrastructure (ship dues, berth dues, light dues, etc.).
Port Formalities - the set of procedures (customs, border, sanitary) required when a vessel enters a port.
Port Operator - a legal entity engaged in cargo handling and the operation of terminal infrastructure.
Berth - an equipped location for mooring a vessel and performing cargo operations.
Berth Dues - a charge for the use of a berth for cargo operations.
Port Clearance - an official document issued by the harbor master after all control procedures have been completed.
Anchorage - a vessel's waiting area within the port waters before berthing.
Ro-Ro carriage (Roll-on/Roll-off) - a method of sea carriage for vehicles and wheeled cargo that are driven onto the vessel under their own power.
Shipload - the volume of cargo carried by one vessel in one direction.
Crew List - a list of the vessel's crew members submitted when entering a port.
Ship Agent - the shipowner's representative in the port, coordinating interaction with port and control services.
Port Call - the fact of a vessel calling at a port.
Seaport Customs Post - a customs authority division performing cargo clearance in the port.
FSUE "Rosmorport" - the state enterprise managing the federal port infrastructure of the Russian Federation.
Feeder Vessel - an auxiliary vessel for delivering containers between major and regional ports.
Freight - the cost of carrying cargo by the chosen mode of transport
Berthing - the process of securing a vessel alongside a berth with mooring lines.

Cargo Parameters and Documentation

Bill to / Ship to - the details of the payer and the actual consignee specified in transport and commercial documents.
Inspection Certificate - a document confirming that a cargo inspection was performed and that the cargo matches the declared characteristics before dispatch.
Statement of Work Performed - a document confirming the provision of logistics or warehousing services.
Cargo Weight - the actual mass of the goods, used to calculate the cost of carriage and select the vehicle.
Cargo Dimensions - the linear dimensions of the cargo (length, width, height) affecting the choice of carriage method and the calculation of rates.
Cargo Unit - a separate unit of packaged cargo (box, crate, pallet etc.).
Letter of Authorization for Cargo Collection - a document confirming the right of a representative to collect cargo on behalf of the consignee.
Cargo Marking - applying designations to the packaging for identification, record-keeping and safe transportation.
Cargo Volume - the physical volume of the goods, measured in cubic meters and taken into account when calculating the rate.
Volumetric Weight - the calculated weight of cargo determined from its volume and used for rating in air and courier transportation.
Declared Value of Cargo - the value declared by the shipper for insurance purposes and for determining the carrier's liability.
Cargo Release Order - a document authorizing the consignee or their representative to collect cargo from a warehouse, terminal or port.
Shipment Register - a list of cargo handed over to the carrier within a single shipment.
Cargo Specification - a detailed list of goods indicating quantities, characteristics and values.
VAT Invoice - a document confirming the value of the goods and serving as the basis for VAT accounting.
Goods and Transport Waybill (TTN) - the primary document in road transportation confirming the transfer of cargo from the shipper to the carrier and containing information about the cargo.
Transport Waybill - a document issued for the road carriage of cargo in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Universal Transfer Document (UTD) - a document combining the functions of an invoice and a primary accounting document.
Packing List - an accompanying document containing a list of cargo units, their quantity, weight, volume, marking and product characteristics.

Warehouse Logistics

Address-Based Storage - a system for placing goods at unique warehouse locations.
Storage Acceptance and Transfer Report - a document recording the transfer of cargo to a warehouse, indicating quantity and condition.
Intra-Warehouse Movement - movement of cargo between storage zones within a warehouse.
Loading Docks - specially equipped areas or structures at a warehouse or terminal for placing and moving cargo.
Dock Leveler - a leveler platform between the warehouse and the truck body for safe loading.
Shipping Zone - the warehouse area where consignments are formed and cargo is handed over to the carrier.
Receiving Zone - the warehouse area intended for the initial inspection and documentation of incoming cargo.
Customs Control Zone (CCZ) - a specially designated area of a warehouse or terminal where goods are held under the control of customs authorities.
Stocktaking - verification of the actual availability and condition of goods at a warehouse or in a storage zone, compared against accounting records.
Deep-Freeze Chamber - a room for storing goods at negative temperatures below -18 °C.
Order Picking - forming a consignment of goods according to a customer's order.
Cross-Docking - a cargo handling technology in which goods arrive at the warehouse and are immediately sent to the consignee without long-term storage.
Cargo Marking at the Warehouse - applying identification marks or codes before dispatch.
Floor Storage - placement of cargo directly on the warehouse floor without the use of racking.
Crating - a method of additional packaging of cargo in a wooden structure to protect against mechanical damage in transit.
Responsible Storage - a cargo storage service at a warehouse with the keeper's financial liability for its safety.
Pallet - a standard platform for placing and moving cargo using handling equipment.
Ramp - a loading platform for convenient vehicle access to the warehouse.
Lot-Based Storage - storage of goods in separate lots with separate record-keeping.
Repacking - re-packaging or redistribution of cargo at the warehouse.
Open Storage Yard - an area for placing cargo outside enclosed warehouse premises.
Loading / Unloading - the process of moving cargo onto or off a vehicle using equipment or manual labor.
Loading and Unloading Operations - a set of operations for the physical movement of cargo at a warehouse, terminal or during transportation.
Terminal Access Control - the procedure for admitting vehicles and personnel to the territory of a warehouse or TLC.
Distribution Center - a logistics facility providing the consolidation, sorting and redistribution of cargo among delivery destinations.
Warehouse - a specially equipped premises or area intended for storing, handling and accounting for goods until their dispatch or sale.
Warehouse Order - a document confirming the placement of cargo at a warehouse.
Warehouse Record-Keeping - a system for monitoring the movement of goods at a warehouse, including acceptance, placement, storage, stocktaking and the release of products.
Cargo Sorting - the distribution of goods by destination, order or consignee.
Rack Storage - a method of placing cargo on multi-tier metal structures.
Temperature-Controlled Storage Zone - a warehouse area with a maintained temperature regime.
Terminal and Logistics Complex (TLC) - an infrastructure facility combining warehousing, transport and terminal capacity.
Stock Balance Control - monitoring of the actual quantity of goods at a warehouse as of a specific date.
Refrigerated Warehouse - a warehouse with a cooling system for storing perishable goods.
Cargo Storage - a service for placing goods at a warehouse for a specific period, ensuring their safety and record-keeping.
Storage Location - a specific place for storing cargo at a warehouse, fixed in the record-keeping system.

Cargo Insurance

Open (Blanket) Insurance Policy - an insurance contract covering all of a customer's shipments over a specific period.
Additional Liability Insurance - an extension of the carrier's standard limit of liability.
Limit of Liability - the maximum compensation amount under an insurance or carriage contract.
General Average - a maritime principle of sharing losses among all participants in a carriage when the vessel and cargo are saved.
Carrier Liability - the limit of compensation for loss of or damage to cargo established by law or contract.
Cargo Damage - deterioration of the condition of goods as a result of external impact.
Total Loss of Cargo - a situation in which the goods are completely destroyed or the possibility of their use is lost.
One-Off Insurance - arranging insurance coverage for a single specific shipment.
"All Risks" Insurance - a form of insurance under which damage from most fortuitous events is compensated, except those expressly excluded in the contract.
Cargo Insurance - protection of the cargo owner's property interests against the risks of loss, damage or destruction during carriage.
Theft Insurance - protection against the risk of cargo theft.
Particular Average Insurance - coverage of losses arising from a specific incident (traffic accident, fire, theft, etc.).
Carrier Liability Insurance (CMR Insurance) - insurance of the carrier's civil liability in international road transportation.
Forwarder's Liability Insurance - protection against risks related to errors in arranging carriage.
Refrigeration Risk Insurance - coverage of losses related to a breach of the temperature regime.
Limited Liability Insurance - a form of insurance under which only the risks expressly specified in the contract are compensated.
Warehousing Risk Insurance - insurance of cargo during storage.
Insurance Premium - the cost of insurance paid to the insurer.
Insured Amount - the maximum payout amount established in the contract.
Insured Event - an event upon whose occurrence the insurer becomes obligated to pay compensation.
Subrogation - the transfer of the right to claim damages to the insurer after compensation has been paid.
Franchise (Deductible) - the portion of the loss not subject to compensation by the insurer and remaining with the policyholder.
Partial Loss - the loss of part of the cargo during carriage.

Customs Procedures

HS Code - the international Harmonized System code.
HS Compliance - conformity of the goods with the declared HS (foreign trade commodity) code.
Excisable Goods - goods subject to excise duty.
Temporary Storage (TSW) - placement of goods under control until the procedures are completed.
Release into Free Circulation - completion of clearance with the right to use the goods freely.
Guarantee Obligation - financial security of obligations to customs.
Declarant - the person or company submitting the declaration.
Cargo (Customs) Declaration (CD) - a document for the customs clearance of imports or exports.
Import Duty - a mandatory payment on import.
HS (Foreign Trade Commodity Nomenclature) Code - the classification code of goods used to determine duties.
Customs Value Adjustment (CVA) - a change to the declared value made by customs.
Transit Route Declaration - a document for carriage under customs control.
Import VAT - value added tax on import.
Re-import - the return of previously exported goods.
Re-export - the export of previously imported goods.
Customs Value - the basis for calculating duties and taxes.
Customs Clearance - the process of preparing and submitting documents for moving goods across the border.
Customs Payments - the aggregate of duties, taxes and fees.
Customs Representative (Broker) - an authorized person performing clearance on behalf of the client.
Customs Processing Procedure - import for processing with subsequent export.
Customs Transit - movement of goods under control without payment of duties.
Electronic Declaration - submission of a declaration in digital format.

Transport Equipment

Truck Crane - a mobile crane unit for lifting and moving heavyweight cargo.
Forklift Truck - warehouse equipment for moving palletized cargo.
Tail Lift - a lifting platform at the rear of a truck to facilitate loading and unloading.
Insulated Body - a body with thermal insulation protecting the cargo from temperature fluctuations without active cooling.
Container Platform - a specialized frame or platform for mounting and carrying containers.
Lashing Straps (Ratchet Straps) - equipment for securing cargo inside a vehicle.
Crane Truck (Loader-Crane) - a truck equipped with a crane unit for self-loading and unloading.
Low-Frame Platform (Lowboy) - a specialized semi-trailer with a lowered frame height for carrying oversized equipment.
Semi-trailer - a trailer without a front axle, coupled to a tractor unit for carrying goods.
Portal Crane (Gantry Crane) - crane equipment for loading and unloading operations at ports and terminals.
Trailer - a vehicle without its own engine, intended for carrying cargo coupled to a truck.
Wheel Chocks - devices for securing the wheels of a vehicle during loading.
Reach Stacker - specialized equipment for transshipping and stacking containers.
Racking System - a structure for storing cargo in warehouse premises.
Rigging Equipment - a set of devices (chains, ropes, hooks) used for securing and moving cargo.
Tarpaulin (Tilt) - a flexible protective cover of a truck body or semi-trailer protecting the cargo from weather exposure.
Vehicle - a technical means intended for carrying goods or passengers (truck, vessel, train, aircraft, etc.).
Chassis - the frame of a vehicle or trailer intended for mounting a body, container or specialized superstructure.

Logistics Management

Cargo Insurance Policy - an insurance policy providing financial protection for cargo during carriage.
Cut-off - the deadline set by a carrier or terminal for tendering a container, cargo or documents for a specific sailing or flight.
Door-to-Port - a delivery scheme from the shipper's warehouse to the destination port without subsequent inland delivery.
Fleet Management - a vehicle fleet management system using digital tools.
Force Majeure - circumstances beyond the parties' control that release them from liability for breach of obligations.
Free Time - the free period for using a container or storing cargo at a terminal without additional charges after unloading or before loading.
Freight Forwarding - arranging and coordinating international carriage through a forwarder, with management of all stages of the logistics chain.
Logistics KPI - key delivery performance indicators (time, cost, safety, order fill rate).
Last Mile Delivery - the final stage of delivery from a distribution center or terminal to the end consignee.
Milestone Tracking - monitoring of the key stages of a shipment (dispatch, arrival at the port, customs, delivery, etc.).
On-carriage - delivery of cargo from the destination port, terminal or airport to the end consignee's warehouse.
OTIF (On Time In Full) - a metric for on-time and in-full delivery performance.
Port-to-Door - a delivery scheme from the port of origin or destination to the consignee's warehouse.
SLA (Service Level Agreement) - a service level agreement fixing the time frames for services and quality indicators.
TMS (Transportation Management System) - an information system for managing transportation.
Tracking Number - the unique identification number of a shipment used for tracking cargo.
Turnkey Logistics - a turnkey logistics model involving full support of cargo from the shipper to the consignee.
Carrier Accreditation - the procedure for verifying and admitting a transport company to perform carriage.
Non-Conformity Report (Cargo Irregularity Report) - a document recording damage, shortage or packaging violations of cargo.
Cargo Acceptance and Transfer Report - a document confirming the transfer of cargo between the parties.
Logistics Risk Analysis - assessing the probability of disruptions in the supply chain.
Carrier Loyalty Program - a system of discounts or privileges for regular customers.
Booking - reserving space for cargo on a vessel, aircraft, train or other means of transport for a specific date and route.
Intra-Terminal Movement - movement of a container or cargo within a terminal without leaving its boundaries.
Cargo in Transit - cargo in the process of transportation between the point of origin and the destination.
Transit Time - the period of time required to deliver cargo from the shipper to the consignee.
Loading Time - the established time interval allotted for loading cargo onto a vehicle.
Shipment Schedule - the planned calendar of cargo dispatches by dates and destinations.
Cargo Terminal - a specialized zone or complex for receiving, storing, handling and dispatching cargo.
Deconsolidation - splitting a consolidated consignment or container into separate shipments for release to consignees.
Decentralization of Logistics - distributing transportation management functions among regional divisions.
Dynamic Rate - the cost of carriage depending on the market situation and the utilization of the route.
Carriage Contract - a contract between the shipper and the carrier for performing transportation.
Freight Forwarding Contract - a contract governing the arrangement of carriage and the parties' liability.
Carriage Document Flow - the process of preparing, approving and storing transport documents.
Delivery to the Port (Pre-carriage) - the stage of carriage from the shipper's warehouse to the port, terminal or airport of departure.
Cargo Re-forwarding - dispatch of the missing part of a consignment after the main delivery.
Flight (Sailing) Closure - completion of shipment formalities after all documents and cargo have been tendered.
Transportation Request - a document or electronic request from a customer to a carrier specifying the cargo parameters, route and delivery times.
Rate Indexation - changing the cost of services depending on economic factors (fuel, exchange rates, etc.).
Commercial Offer (Quotation) - a document containing a cost calculation and the terms of logistics services.
Consignment Delivery - a scheme in which the goods are transferred to the consignee without immediate payment, with subsequent settlement after sale.
Cargo Consolidation - combining several consignments from different shippers into a single shipment to optimize cost and logistics.
Loading Control - verification that the placement of cargo complies with the approved plan and safety requirements.
Transportation Cost Control - analysis and management of transportation expenses.
Deadline Compliance Control - systematic monitoring of the fulfillment of planned delivery times.
Cargo Acceptance Cut-off - the latest time set by a carrier or terminal for tendering cargo or documents for dispatch on a specific sailing or flight.
Limit of Liability - the maximum compensation amount in case of loss of or damage to cargo.
Logistics Strategy - a company's long-term model for organizing delivery and managing flows.
Logistics Planning - the process of developing a delivery scheme taking into account time frames, routes, costs and constraints.
Carriage Margin - the difference between the purchase cost of a service and the price at which it is sold to the customer.
Routing - determining the optimal vehicle route in order to reduce time and costs.
Route Sheet - a document specifying the route of a vehicle and the delivery points.
Cargo Handling - a set of operations for transshipping, sorting, moving and documenting cargo at ports, airports and terminals.
Unloading Window - the established time slot for unloading cargo at a warehouse or terminal.
Loading Window - the agreed time interval for the arrival of a vehicle for loading.
Delivery Operating Model - a scheme of interaction between divisions and contractors during carriage.
Operational SLA - internal performance standards for logistics processes within a company.
Operational Cargo Control - verification of the condition and availability of cargo at intermediate stages of carriage.
Logistics Optimization - the process of reducing costs and improving delivery efficiency.
Carrier Liability - the scope of the carrier's obligations regarding the safety of cargo within the framework of legislation and the contract.
Cargo Tracking - a system for monitoring the location and status of cargo throughout the entire carriage.
Turnkey Arrangement - comprehensive organization of carriage and related procedures (document flow, customs, insurance) without involving the customer in operational processes.
Handling Priority Order - the established procedure for accepting and processing vehicles at a terminal.
Cargo Rerouting - changing the destination after the cargo has been dispatched.
Transfer Statement - a document recording the transfer of cargo between divisions or participants in a carriage.
Loading Plan - a document or scheme for placing cargo in a vehicle, taking into account weight and dimensions.
Capacity Planning - calculating the required amount of transport and warehousing resources.
Booking Confirmation - the carrier's official response confirming space on a sailing, flight or vehicle.
Proof of Delivery (POD) - a document confirming that cargo has been handed over to the consignee.
Forwarder's Order - a document on the basis of which the forwarder arranges the carriage of cargo on behalf of the client.
Pre-carriage - transportation of cargo to the main point of international dispatch within a multimodal delivery scheme.
Claims Management - the process of resolving disputes over damage, delays or loss of cargo.
Vehicle Downtime - the time a vehicle is forcibly held beyond the agreed loading or unloading period.
Carrier Pool - a list of accredited transport companies with which the customer or operator works.
Fly-In Fly-Out Work - a form of work organization with alternating periods of work and rest, used at remote sites.
Dispatch Order - an internal warehouse document authorizing the release of cargo to the carrier.
Estimated Time of Departure (ETD) - the expected date and time of a vehicle's departure from the point of dispatch according to the established schedule.
Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) - the expected date and time of a vehicle's or cargo's arrival at the destination according to the schedule or carriage plan.
Deviation Response - corrective actions when delivery times or conditions are breached.
Reverse Logistics - the process of returning goods from the consumer to the supplier for processing, repair or disposal.
Vehicle Registration at the Terminal - the mandatory procedure for admitting a vehicle to the terminal territory.
Tendering of Cargo or a Container - handing over cargo or a container to a terminal, warehouse or carrier for further dispatch.
Service Support - advisory and information support for the customer at all stages of carriage.
Rate Approval - the process of approving the cost of carriage between the customer and the provider.
Delivery Time - the total period from the moment an order is placed or cargo is dispatched until it is actually received by the end consignee.
Carriage Rate - the agreed cost of transporting cargo on a specific route.
Pricing Policy - the principles for forming the cost of logistics services.
Transportation Tender - a competitive selection of a carrier for performing logistics services.
Terminal Charges - mandatory payments for handling a container or cargo at a port, airport or terminal.
Transport Company - an organization providing cargo transportation services and related logistics services.
Transport Logistics - planning, organizing and managing the processes of delivering goods from the shipper to the consignee.
Transport Planning - the allocation of transport resources among routes and trips.
Arrival Notice - an official notice to the consignee that cargo has arrived at the destination.
Fleet Management - control and coordination of the use of owned or contracted vehicles.
Fixed Rate - the cost of carriage not subject to change during the agreed period.
Centralization of Logistics - managing transportation through a single coordination center.
Supply Chain - the aggregate of participants and processes ensuring the movement of goods from the manufacturer to the end consumer.
Digital Logistics - the use of IT systems for managing transportation and monitoring processes.
Penalties - financial liability measures for breaching deadlines or contract terms.
Freight Forwarding - arranging and coordinating the process of carriage from the shipper to the consignee.

Logistics Participants

3PL (Third Party Logistics) - a logistics company to which the functions of transportation, warehousing and operational cargo support are outsourced.
NVOCC Operator - a logistics company that does not own vessels but arranges sea carriage and issues its own bills of lading.
Airline (Cargo Carrier) - a carrier performing cargo flights.
Road Carrier - a company carrying cargo by road transport.
Shipping Line Agent - the carrier's representative in a specific region or port.
Customs Clearance Agent - a person or organization providing services for preparing and submitting documents for the customs clearance of goods.
Broker - an intermediary representing the client's interests when arranging the purchase, sale or carriage of cargo.
Cargo Owner - the owner of goods tendered for carriage.
Shipper (Consignor) - the person or organization handing cargo to the carrier for delivery.
Freight Carrier - a company or individual entrepreneur performing the carriage of cargo.
Consignee - the person or organization accepting cargo at the destination.
Container Truck Dispatcher - an employee coordinating the placement of container carriers for loading and unloading.
Rail Operator - a company arranging the carriage of goods by rail.
Transportation Customer - the person or company concluding a contract for logistics services.
Importer - the person or organization bringing goods into the territory of a country.
Inspection Company - an organization verifying the quantity, quality and condition of cargo.
Ship's Husband (Port Agent) - the shipowner's representative in the port, ensuring vessel servicing and document processing.
Container Inspector - a specialist inspecting a container for damage and compliance with carriage requirements.
Terminal Customs Zone Controller - an employee ensuring compliance with the regime in the container customs control zone.
Equipment Coordinator - a specialist of the line or logistics company monitoring the availability and movement of containers.
Courier - an employee or service delivering documents, parcels or small shipments.
Container Leasing Company - an organization providing containers for rent.
4PL Operator - a company managing the customer's entire supply chain and coordinating the work of several 3PL providers.
Container Depot Operator - an organization responsible for the storage, release and acceptance of empty containers.
Terminal Operator - an organization managing a cargo terminal, port or warehouse complex.
Terminal Operator - an organization managing the operation of a port, warehouse or cargo terminal.
Line Electronic Document Flow Operator - a specialist processing electronic bills of lading and releases.
Container Pool Manager - the person or department managing the distribution of container equipment among routes and regions.
Container Repair Contractor - a company performing the restoration and maintenance of container equipment.
Warehouse Operator - a company providing cargo storage, handling and record-keeping services.
VGM Specialist - an employee responsible for weighing the container and submitting the verified gross mass to the carrier.
Reefer Technician - an employee responsible for connecting, setting up and monitoring the temperature regimes of refrigerated containers.
Policyholder - the party arranging cargo insurance.
Insurance Company - an organization providing cargo insurance and financial protection against carriage risks.
Insurer - an insurance company assuming the risks of loss of or damage to cargo.
Shipping Line - a company performing sea container transportation on a regular schedule.
Surveyor - an independent expert inspecting cargo or a container and recording its condition.
General Average Adjuster - a specialist involved in the apportionment of losses in a maritime general average event.
Customs Officer (Inspector) - an official performing the inspection and clearance of goods.
Customs Authority - the state body controlling the movement of goods across the border.
Customs Representative (Broker) - a legal entity authorized to perform customs clearance on behalf of the client.
Freight Agent (Chartering Broker) - an intermediary engaged in finding and arranging the chartering of vehicles.
Freight Forwarder - a company or person arranging the carriage of cargo and coordinating interaction between the carrier, terminals and the client.
Exporter - the person or organization taking goods beyond the borders of the country.

Finance in Foreign Trade

CIF Value - the value of goods on CIF terms, including the price of the goods, freight and insurance to the destination port.
FOB Value - the value of goods on FOB terms, excluding freight and insurance to the destination port.
Proforma Invoice - a preliminary invoice issued by the seller before the actual delivery of the goods, used to agree the terms of the transaction or open a letter of credit.
SWIFT Payment - an international bank transfer carried out through the SWIFT interbank financial messaging system.
TT (Telegraphic Transfer) - a method of international bank transfer used for prepayment or final settlement under a contract.
Advance Payment - prepayment for goods, in full or in part, before their shipment.
Letter of Credit (L/C) - a form of cashless settlement in which the bank undertakes to pay the supplier when the conditions stipulated in the foreign trade contract are met.
Bank Guarantee - the bank's obligation to pay a certain amount to the beneficiary if the counterparty fails to perform under the contract.
Bank Details - the parties' payment details (SWIFT code, IBAN, bank name, etc.) used for international transfers.
Currency Clause - a contract provision requiring the obligations to be recalculated when the exchange rate changes.
Documentary Letter of Credit - a type of letter of credit under which payment is made strictly upon presentation of a complete set of documents.
Collection (Documentary Collection) - a form of international settlement in which the bank forwards commercial documents to the buyer against payment or acceptance.
Bank Commission - a fee for conducting international settlements, opening a letter of credit or providing guarantees.
Export Proceeds Control - state control over the receipt of payments under export contracts.
Credit Line - a financing limit established by a bank for conducting foreign trade operations.
Currency Revaluation Rate - the official exchange rate of a foreign currency used to calculate customs payments and taxes.
Deferred Payment - a contract term under which payment is made after an agreed period following delivery.
Payment Order - a document on the basis of which the bank transfers funds.
Confirmed Letter of Credit - a letter of credit additionally guaranteed by a bank in the exporter's country.
Postpayment - a form of settlement in which payment is made after the delivery of the goods or the performance of obligations.
Revolving Letter of Credit - a letter of credit automatically renewed for an agreed amount over a specific period.
Factoring - the assignment of claims under a contract to a bank or finance company to obtain financing before the payment due date.
Foreign Exchange Control of Currency Operations - verification by a bank of foreign trade payments for compliance with the currency legislation of the Russian Federation.
Forfaiting - the purchase by a bank of debt obligations under an export contract without recourse to the seller.
Escrow Account - a special bank account in which funds are blocked until the parties have performed their obligations under the contract.